Geographical Conditions Research Articles

Green hydrogen prospects in Peninsular Malaysia: a techno-economic analysis via Monte Carlo simulations

According to Malaysia's National Energy Transition Roadmap, hydrogen is a critical component of the country's energy transition. However, there is a scarcity of hydrogen studies for Peninsular Malaysian states, which limits discussions on green hydrogen production. This study employs a Monte Carlo model to assess the economic and technical factors influencing the success of green hydrogen in Peninsular Malaysia. The study focuses on three target years: 2023, 2030, and 2050, representing various stages of technological development and market adoption. The levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of a 1-MW Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer system ranges from $5.39 to $10.97 per kg in 2023, highlighting early-stage challenges and uncertainties. A 6-MW PEM electrolyzer system could achieve an LCOH of $3.50 to $4.72 per kg by 2030, indicating better prospects. Because of technological advancements and cost reductions, a 20-MW PEM electrolyzer system could achieve an LCOH of $3.12 to $3.64 per kg in 2050. The findings indicate that the northern regions of Peninsular Malaysia have consistently low LCOH values due to favorable geographical conditions. Due to minor variations in solar capacity factors, uncertainty distributions in LCOH remain stable across different regions. Some states may face increased uncertainty, emphasizing the need for additional policy support mechanisms to mitigate risks associated with green hydrogen investments. The sensitivity analysis shows that key cost drivers are shifting, with early-stage electrolyzer investments dominating in 2023 and electricity prices becoming more important in 2030 and 2050. Future research could focus on optimizing green hydrogen systems for areas with underdeveloped green hydrogen industries. This study contributes to informed discussions about green hydrogen production by emphasizing the importance of tailored strategies that consider local conditions and highlighting the role of Peninsular Malaysia in the energy transition.

Learning Material Organization for Disaster Resilient Villages

This study aims to express the best learning material organization for the Disaster Resilient Village Program (Program Desa Tangguh Bencana, DESTANA). It was delivered to the people of Pacitan Regency as a disaster-prone area. Various potential disasters exist in the area of Pacitan Regency. The learning material is organized in line with the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, which applies six levels of thought processes. The learning process starts from a hierarchical structure that identifies lower-level thinking skills to higher levels of skills that are ready for operational implementation. The Lower Order Thinking Skills materials encompass understanding various disaster vulnerabilities based on geographical conditions, the nature of disaster threats and risks, participatory disaster management by the community, principles of evacuation planning, the role of Disaster Management Plans, the paradigm of disaster risk management, principles of the Early Warning System (EWS), the purpose of contingency plans, and principles of first aid in emergencies. The Higher Order Thinking Skills materials include the ability to measure indicators for disaster-resilient villages, establish volunteer working groups, design evacuation stages, develop Disaster Management Plans, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning Systems (EWS), and Village Contingency Plans. The learning achievement is measured through community understanding and practice, the success of building a disaster response coordination structure, and activities in a disaster simulation. It is organized in seven discussion forums. The program resulted in significant achievements. The Pacitan Regency Government implemented the Disaster Resilient Village Program for the safety of its residents. Keywords: disaster, resilient village, learning material

Highly stratified mid-Pliocene Southern Ocean in PlioMIP2

Abstract. During the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP; 3.264–3.025 Ma), atmospheric CO2 concentrations were approximately 400 ppm, and the Antarctic Ice Sheet was substantially reduced compared to today. Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean, which plays a crucial role in the global oceanic circulation and climate regulation. Using results from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP2), we investigate Southern Ocean conditions during the mPWP with respect to the pre-industrial period. We find that the mean sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the Southern Ocean is 2.8 °C, while global mean SST warming is 2.4 °C. The enhanced warming is strongly tied to a dramatic decrease in sea ice cover over the mPWP Southern Ocean. We also see a freshening of the ocean (sub)surface, driven by an increase in precipitation over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. The warmer and fresher surface leads to a highly stratified Southern Ocean that can be related to weakening of the deep abyssal overturning circulation. Sensitivity simulations show that the decrease in sea ice cover and enhanced warming is largely a consequence of the reduction in the Antarctic Ice Sheet. In addition, the mPWP geographic boundary conditions are responsible for approximately half of the increase in mPWP SST warming, sea ice loss, precipitation, and stratification increase over the Southern Ocean. From these results, we conclude that a strongly reduced Antarctic Ice Sheet during the mPWP has a substantial influence on the state of the Southern Ocean and exacerbates the changes that are induced by a higher CO2 concentration alone. This is relevant for the long-term future of the Southern Ocean, as we expect melting of the western Antarctic Ice Sheet in the future, an effect that is not currently taken into account in future projections by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) ensembles.

Genomic and Transcriptomic Diversification of Flagellin Genes Provides Insight into Environmental Adaptation and Phylogeographic Characteristics in Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic motile pathogen with a broad host range, infecting both terrestrial and aquatic animals. Environmental and geographical conditions exert selective pressure on both geno- and phenotypes of pathogens. Flagellin, directly exposed to external environments and containing important immunogenic epitopes, may display significant variability in response to external conditions. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of ~  150 A. hydrophila genomes, leading to the identification of six subunits of the flagellin gene (fla-1 to fla-4, flaA, and flaB). Individual strains harbored different composition of flagellin subunits and copies. The composition of subunits showed distinct patterns depending on environmental sources. Strains from aquatic environments were mainly comprised of fla-1 to fla-4 subunits, while terrestrial strains predominated in groups harboring flaA and flaB subunits. Each flagellin showed varying levels of expression, with flaA and flaB demonstrating significantly higher expression compared to others. One of the chemotaxis pathways that control flagellin movement through a two-component system was significantly upregulated in flaA(+ 1)/flaB(+ 1) group, whereas flaA and flaB showed different transcriptomic expressions. The genes positively correlated with flaA expression were relevant to biofilm formation and bacterial chemotaxis, but flaB showed a negative correlation with the genes in ABC transporters and quorum sensing pathway. However, the expression patterns of fla-2 to fla-4 were identical. This suggests various types of flagellin subunits may have different biological functions. The composition and expression levels of flagellin subunits could provide valuable insights into the adaptation of A. hydrophila and the differences among strains in response to various external environments.

Multi-agent reinforcement learning based computation offloading and resource allocation for LEO Satellite edge computing networks

Due to the limitations caused by geographical conditions and economic requirements, it is difficult to provide computing services by terrestrial networks for mobile terminals in remote areas. To address this issue, mobile edge computing (MEC) servers can be deployed in the low earth orbit (LEO) satellites to act as a complement and accommodate the unserved terminals. However, offloading computing tasks to servers in satellites may increase the energy consumption of ground terminals. Considering the limited battery capacity of ground terminals, how to perform the computation offloading and resource allocation are key challenges in the LEO satellite edge computing networks. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the energy minimization problem for LEO satellite edge computing networks, where a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm with global rewards is proposed to optimize the transmit power, CPU frequency, bit allocation, offloading decision and bandwidth allocation via a decentralized method. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can converge faster. Most importantly, compared with the random algorithm, the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm, and the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm, the ground terminals’ energy consumption can be effectively reduced by our proposed algorithm.

Occurrence of microplastics in the Haima cold seep area of the South China Sea

The pollution of deep-sea microplastics has received increasing attention. As a special ecosystem in the deep sea, the cold seep area is of great significance for studying the distribution of microplastics in the deep sea. In this work, the distribution and characteristics of microplastics in seawater, sediments, and shellfish in the Haima cold seep area and the correlation between the characteristics of microplastics in different media and the type of media were studied. Microplastics were found in all three media. The abundance of microplastics in different samples from the Haima cold seep area ranged 1.8–3.8 items/L for the seawater, 11.47–96.8 items/kg (d.w.) for the surface sediments, and 0–5 items/individual (0–0.714 items/g) for the shellfish. The amount of microplastics ingested by shellfish varied among different species. The microplastics in these three media were mainly fibrous, dark-colored, small-sized rayon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene (PE). In the correlation analysis of microplastic characteristics among the three media, it was found that the characteristics of microplastics in different media in the same area were closely related, and each pair of variables showed a significant positive correlation (P ≤ 0.05). The distinctive geographical conditions would accelerate the interchange of microplastics among various media. Principal component analysis showed that habitat contribute to microplastic feature differences in shellfish. Differences in correlation were observed between the characteristics of shellfish microplastics in different regions and the characteristics of microplastics in surrounding seawater and sediments.

Analysis of the Availability and Gaps of Educational Facilities in Teluk Bintuni Regency Papua

Education is recognized as a human right and the main key to a nation's progress. The availability of adequate educational facilities in each region is crucial to ensure equal access to education for all citizens. However, Indonesia faces significant challenges in providing equitable educational facilities, especially considering the diverse geographical and demographic conditions between regions. Teluk Bintuni Regency in West Papua Province is one of the areas that requires special attention in improving educational access and facilities, especially because of its geographical conditions, the majority of which are islands with mountains and sea waters. This research aims to analyze the availability of educational facilities in Teluk Bintuni Regency, with a focus on the type and level of schools. Data obtained from the Education Department shows that by 2023, this district will only have 263 schools, consisting of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, high schools and vocational schools. This figure is still considered insufficient and equitable, especially when compared with the population of around 60,000 people spread across 23 sub-districts. The main challenge in providing equitable educational facilities in Teluk Bintuni Regency involves diverse geographic and demographic conditions. Therefore, it is hoped that this research can provide an in-depth evaluation of the current condition of educational facilities, identify existing gaps, and formulate the need for improving educational facilities in the future based on population growth projections. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide a strong basis for policy making by the Teluk Bintuni Regency Government, especially in terms of planning and budgeting for the equitable development of educational facilities. It is also hoped that the conclusions from this research can become a reference for related agencies, such as the Education Office, Bappeda, and the Teluk Bintuni Regency DPRD, in preparing strategic plans for educational development for the next five years.

LIVABILITY AND FUTURES STUDIES OF WORN-OUT URBAN TEXTURES: SCENARIO ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATING THE LIVABILITY SYSTEM AND ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY

Urban worn-out textures, due to their ancient and historically valuable physical structures, exhibit low adaptability to urban developments and advancements. Tehran, as a city with a rich historical background, also boasts considerable worn-out textures. Due to economic, geographical, and political conditions, a large population resides in these textures. In this regard, the present research aims to investigate the livability status of residents, identify key indicators, and design scenarios in the worn-out textures of Tehran city. This paper proposes a new approach to MicMac that promotes driving forces to scenarios. The results indicate that the livability of residents in worn-out textures of Tehran city, particularly in central regions, is in undesirable conditions. Furthermore, the analysis of the MicMac matrix showed that housing prices, residents’ income, investment, and an increase in economic activities, as well as the role of urban management, are driving forces that have a vital impact on the livability of residents in worn-out textures. These driving forces have depicted three scenarios for the livability of worn-out textures in Tehran city until the year 2032.

Forensic Handwriting Analysis to Determine the Psychophysiological Traits

In order to demonstrate the immense value and actuality of the investigations done by forensic handwriting expertises in the determination of the psychophysiological traits that lead to criminal behaviour of the performer of handwritten texts, the article analysed 2648 handwritten text samples and gave a new classification of handwriting features by dividing them into three main distinct categories. Based on the detailed forensic study of these samples, the author reaffirms that each person’s handwriting is unique and unrepeatable and becomes subconsciously adopted to the individual’s physiology, psychology, natural geographical conditions, etc.  Hence, it is highly probable and realible to determine a person’s psychophysiological traits according to his/her handwriting even without seeing him/her personally. It was concluded that handwriting analysis has always been of urgent importance and necessity in preventing and fighting against various crimes and requieres great experience, habits and skills from a forensic handwriting expert. 

Energy Assessment & Comparative Study of Mono and Poly Solar PV Technologies Using Advanced PVsyst Software

This study evaluates and compares the energy output of mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies, under specific climatic conditions, with the help of advanced PVsyst software. This study aims to provide realizations into selecting the most effective PV technology by considering specific climatic and geographical conditions. In this study, monthly and yearly output energy, along with performance ratios, are evaluated for two conditions: firstly, for a 10.23KWp system, and subsequently, for a 58.2m² solar panel area. Both conditions demonstrate that mono-crystalline solar PV technology consistently outperforms poly-crystalline technology in terms of monthly and yearly output energy as well as performance ratio. Specifically, mono-crystalline panels generate 78 kWh more electricity annually in a 10.23 KWp system and 2469 kWh more in a system based on a specified PV module area. Additionally, they exhibit high-performance ratios in both scenarios. These findings strongly advocate for the preference of mono-crystalline technology within this region. Furthermore, the study offers valuable insights for addressing similar energy challenges in regions with comparable conditions, as far as solar panels energy outputs are affected by the climate conditions at most; so that for similar climate conditions in region would be effective. This research significantly contributes to facilitating well-informed decision-making processes, thereby augmenting energy accessibility.

Evaluating the thermal environmental alterations due to photovoltaic installations in the kushida river basin, Japan

The construction of Photovoltaic (PV) provides renewable energy, but it is also impacting the basins environment. The study simulates the annual construction status of PV installations within the research area over a time series from 2013 to 2023, and to understanding of the trends in Land Surface Temperature (LST) changes due to the PVs. The results revealed that the number of PV installations in the study area increased most significantly between 2018 and 2019, with the newly installed area during this period being approximately 5.2 times larger than 2013. Although large-scale construction slowed after 2020, small and medium-sized PV installations continued. The study found that the LST around PV which built from 2013 to 2023 increased by an average of 2.85 °C. Also, LST-difference (LST-D) changes with the seasons. The analysis of the relationship between geographical conditions and LST difference revealed that in hilly and mountainous areas with higher elevations, the impact of PV construction on LST was lower. And found that the distance of the PV from the watercourse and the surrounding land cover also had an impact to LST changes, with spatial variability between the different impact variables as analysed by the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model.

Predicting global horizontal irradiance of north central region of India via machine learning regressor algorithms

The ability to predict global horizontal irradiance (GHI) in the wake of changing weather conditions is becoming increasingly important in driving economic growth in the renewable energy industry. The choice of relevant meteorological variables for predicting GHI is crucial because it influences the prediction accuracy due to various geographical conditions. To fulfill this aim, this proposed study identifies a subset of the relevant input variables for the prediction of GHI by applying two methods Feature Combination (FC) and Feature Selection (FS). The results reveal that the most significant input variables for predicting GHI are Solar Zenith Angle, Dew Point, Diffuse Horizontal irradiance, Direct Normal Irradiance, and Wind speed obtained by the FS method. The predictive performance of the selected features is evaluated by feeding them into six different types of Machine Learning (ML) regressor algorithms such as Multiple Linear regressor (MLR), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boost (GB), Light Gradient Boost Machine (LGBM) and Extra Tree (ET). The performances of models are evaluated by using statistical measures such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). ET regressor gives the best prediction performance among all the six models. It is observed that the percentage reduction in error for the FS method as compared to the FC method in terms of the statistical indicators MAE, RMSE, and MAPE are 8.5%, 7.72%, and 25.84% respectively. It shows that the FS method gives better predictive performance than the FC method for the estimation of GHI.

Functional divergences of natural variations of TaNAM-A1 in controlling leaf senescence during wheat grain filling.

Leaf senescence is an essential physiological process related to grain yield potential and nutritional quality. Green leaf duration (GLD) after anthesis directly reflects the leaf senescence process and exhibits large genotypic differences in common wheat; however, the underlying gene regulatory mechanism is still lacking. Here, we identified TaNAM-A1 as the causal gene of the major loci qGLD-6A for GLD during grain filling by map-based cloning. Transgenic assays and TILLING mutant analyses demonstrated that TaNAM-A1 played a critical role in regulating leaf senescence, and also affected spike length and grain size. Furthermore, the functional divergences among the three haplotypes of TaNAM-A1 were systematically evaluated. Wheat varieties with TaNAM-A1d (containing two mutations in the coding DNA sequence of TaNAM-A1) exhibited a longer GLD and superior yield-related traits compared to those with the wild type TaNAM-A1a. All three haplotypes were functional in activating the expression of genes involved in macromolecule degradation and mineral nutrient remobilization, with TaNAM-A1a showing the strongest activity and TaNAM-A1d the weakest. TaNAM-A1 also modulated the expression of the senescence-related transcription factors TaNAC-S-7A and TaNAC016-3A. TaNAC016-3A enhanced the transcriptional activation ability of TaNAM-A1a by protein-protein interaction, thereby promoting the senescence process. Our study offers new insights into the fine-tuning of the leaf functional period and grain yield formation for wheat breeding under various geographical climatic conditions.

Penataan Ruang Kawasan Nagari dalam Rangka Mengoptimalkan Pariwisata di Propinsi Sumatera Barat

Regional development is an effort to utilize all regional potential to support development activities. Regional potential is the basic capital for the development of a community in improving its welfare. The existence of regional potential is a means that supports various development activities, both in terms of infrastructure potential, natural potential, population potential and business potential of the population as well as the potential of integrated cultural areas that can be exploited and used to improve development results in the context of justice and equity. area. A developed and developing regional area is strongly supported by regional potential. Regional territory is a geographical condition of an area that provides various opportunities for a region to manage regional potentials within a region. Community business activities also include the potential of productive areas in contributing to development activities and their results. The existence of sources of livelihood and employment owned by a community in a region will make a major contribution to development activities, especially in economic sectors that have the potential to increase a region's ability to become independent. Based on the description above, it becomes a concrete reference that every spatial planning activity carried out by the West Sumatra Regional Government, both in the Pariangan district of Tanah Datar Regency, the Harau district of Lima Puluh Kota District and the South Tiku District of Agam Regency have prepared spatial planning in order to increase tourism but not working as it should. This is due to the lack of clear coordination between nagari, tourism and spatial planning offices in order to increase tourism.

Emotional Well-Being of Preschoolers in Extreme Climatic and Geographical Conditions by Means of Ecological and Psychological Support

Emotional well-being of preschool children that live in extreme climatic conditions is difficult to maintain. Emotional well-being is a basis of psychological health that manifests itself as positive emotional states in social environment. It presupposes a stable emotional sphere when interacting with the world, low anxiety, emotional comfort, and adequate self-esteem. Climatic and geographical factors of the Russian Arctic may inhibit the development of the emotional well-being in preschool children. However, some psychological and pedagogical conditions may neutralize the negative impact of environmental factors. They include psycho-emotional monitoring, flexible school interior, and health-saving technologies in the academic process. The authors developed a model of ecological and psychological support for preschool children living in polar regions. It is based on interaction with plants and animals as a source of positive emotions. The model of environmental and psychological support for emotional well-being of preschoolers living in the Russian Arctic justifies the feasibility of health-saving technologies as part of an active cooperation between a preschool institution and a botanical garden.

[Economic burden assessment for the management of asthma patients at Mexico's National Institute for Respiratory Diseases].

Determinar la carga económica anual del asma, desde una perspectiva institucional y con base en la clasificación recomendada por GINA, en una cohorte retrospectiva de adultos atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) de México. Estudio observacional, longitudinal y retrospectivo, llevado a cabo a partir de la información recabada de 247 pacientes femeninas con asma. Se estimaron los costos directos anuales: visitas, pruebas de laboratorio, tratamiento farmacológico y de las crisis o exacerbaciones, para determinar la carga anual de la enfermedad desde una perspectiva institucional, y según la clasificación de la Iniciativa Global para el Asma. El costo promedio anual fue de $43,813,92, que aumentó en relación con la necesidad de aumento de dosis de corticoides inhalados y beta-agonistas de acción prolongada. El costo promedio de la consulta médica fue de $2004.57, $982.82 por gestión de crisis y $2645.95 por pruebas de laboratorio. El tratamiento farmacológico representó la principal carga económica, con un costo promedio anual de $38,180.58. Los resultados resaltan una carga económica del asma estimada en un costo anual por paciente de $43,813.92 MXN (DE=93,348.85), en el contexto del tercer nivel de atención en el sistema de salud público mexicano. La gravedad del asma, los tratamientos y los biológicos fueron los principales factores que aumentaron los costos directos de la atención.

Antimicrobial resistance in rural rivers: Comparative study of the Coquet (Northumberland) and Eden (Cumbria) River catchments

Many studies have characterised resistomes in river microbial communities. However, few have compared resistomes in parallel rural catchments that have few point-source inputs of antimicrobial genes (ARGs) and organisms (i.e., AMR) – catchments where one can contrast more nebulous drivers of AMR in rural rivers. Here, we used quantitative microbial profiling (QMP) to compare resistomes and microbiomes in two rural river catchments in Northern England, the Coquet and Eden in Northumberland and Cumbria, respectively, with different hydrological and geographical conditions. The Eden has higher flow rates, higher annual surface runoff, and longer periods of soil saturation, whereas the Coquet is drier and has lower flowrates. QMP analysis showed the Eden contained significantly more abundant microbes associated with soil sources, animal faeces, and wastewater than the Coquet, which had microbiomes like less polluted rivers (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.01). The Eden also had greater ARG abundances and resistome diversity (Kruskal Wallis, p < 0.05), and higher levels of potentially clinically relevant ARGs. The Eden catchment had greater and flashier runoff and more extensive agricultural land use in its middle reach, which explains higher levels of AMR in the river. Hydrological and geographic factors drive AMR in rural rivers, which must be considered in environmental monitoring programmes.

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the groundwater of Gujarat, India using the heavy metal pollution index

Groundwater serves as a vital water source for a significant population in the Gujarat region of India. However, substantial contamination from heavy metals, pose a serious threat to human health through various pathways, including drinking water. The rapid industrial and agricultural growth in recent years has exacerbated heavy metal pollution in the state. This study focuses on assessing the heavy metal contamination in Gujarat's groundwater using the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI). The research covers the entire state, considering its diverse physical, climatic, topographical, and geographical conditions. The HPI scores obtained from individual studies highlight the extent of pollution caused by heavy metals. The overall findings underscore the severe problem of heavy metal contamination in Gujarat's groundwater and the associated health risks. Various other pollution indicators, including the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index, Degree of Contamination, Metal Index, and Water Pollution Index are discussed as tools to assess contamination levels. These indices compare concentrations of different heavy metals with established limits to determine the pollution level. The goal is to provide valuable insights for investors and policymakers in formulating strategies to manage and reduce heavy metal contamination across the state. Additionally, the review explores effective, environmentally friendly, and economically viable treatment techniques to remove heavy metals from aquatic systems, safeguarding the environment. By employing pollution indicators and remedial actions, this study aims to guide efforts in mitigating the impact of heavy metal contamination in Gujarat's groundwater.

Comparing Accuracy of Wildfire Spread Prediction Models under Different Data Deficiency Conditions

Wildfire is one of the most severe natural disasters globally, profoundly affecting natural ecology, economy, and health and safety. Precisely predicting the spread of wildfires has become an important research topic. Current fire spread prediction models depend on inputs from a variety of geographical and environmental variables. However, unlike the ideal conditions simulated in the laboratory, data gaps often occur in real wildfire scenarios, posing challenges to the accuracy and robustness of predictions. It is necessary to explore the extent to which different missing items affect prediction accuracy, thereby providing rational suggestions for emergency decision-making. In this paper, we tested how different conditions of missing data affect the prediction accuracy of existing wildfire spread models and quantified the corresponding errors. The final experimental results suggest that it is necessary to judge the potential impact of data gaps based on the geographical conditions of the study area appropriately, as there is no significant pattern of behavior yet identified. This study aims to simulate the impact of data scarcity on the accuracy of wildfire spread prediction models in real scenarios, thereby enabling researchers to better understand the priority of different environmental variables for the model and identify the acceptable degree of missing data and the indispensable data attributes. It offers new insights for developing spread prediction models applicable to real-world scenarios and rational assessment of the effectiveness of model outcomes.

On the Hydrofauna of the First Batabat Water Reservoir

For the first time generalized data on hydrofauna of the First Batabat reservoir are given. In the fauna 6 species of zooplanktonic organisms are revealed, with absolute predominance of large predatory copepod Hemidiaptomus rylovi Charin, 1928. The mean body length of fertilized egg-bearing female crustaceans was 3.6 mm to the furca and 5.1 mm to the tip of the telson. In the ecosystem, Daphnia pulex Leydig, 1860 typically produces its last parthenogenetic generation in September. In the macrozoobenthos of the reservoir, 40 species of macrobenthic organisms were found, with the Heteroptera (9 species) and the Chironomidae family (9 species) predominating in terms of the number of species. According to all its ecological indicators Gammarus lacustris (Sars, 1863) is the dominant bottom organism of the ecosystem. The maximum number of population individuals — 346 spec./m2 and biomass — 2804 g/m2 was calculated in the last decade of June 2017. Being a detritophage with a wide food spectrum, individuals of the higher crayfish have an abundant food base in the reservoir. The first Batabat reservoir located in the high mountainous region of the autonomous republic and having favorable natural and geographical conditions is characterized by high biological productivity.